Part 4 - Structural Design

4.1. Structural Loads and Procedures 4.1.1. General .......................................................................... 3 4.1.2. Specified Loads and Effects ....................................... 4 4.1.3. Limit States Design ...................................................... 5 4.1.4. Dead Loads ................................................................... 9 4.1.5. Live Loads Due to Use and Occupancy ..................... 10 4.1.6. Loads Due to Snow and Rain ...................................... 17 4.1.7. Wind Load ..................................................................... 32 4.1.8. Earthquake Load and Effects ...................................... 56

4.2. Foundations 4.2.1. General .......................................................................... 85 4.2.2. Subsurface Investigations, Drawings and Reviews ......................................................................... 86 4.2.3. Materials Used in Foundations ................................... 86 4.2.4. Design Requirements .................................................. 88 4.2.5. Excavations ................................................................. 90 4.2.6. Shallow Foundations ................................................... 91 4.2.7. Deep Foundations ........................................................ 91 4.2.8. Special Foundations .................................................... 92

4.3. Design Requirements for Structural Materials 4.3.1. Wood.............................................................................. 93 4.3.2. Plain and Reinforced Masonry .................................... 93 4.3.3. Plain, Reinforced and Pre-stressed Concrete ........... 93 4.3.4. Steel ............................................................................... 93 4.3.5. Aluminum ...................................................................... 94 4.3.6. Glass .............................................................................. 94

4.4. Design Requirements for Special Structures 4.4.1. Air-, Cable- and Frame-Supported Membrane Structures ..................................................................... 94 4.4.2. Parking Structures ...................................................... 94 4.4.3. Storage Racks .............................................................. 95 4.4.4. Guards Over Retaining Walls ...................................... 95 4.4.5. Anchor Systems on Building Exterior ....................... 95